Snakebite envenoming in different national contexts: Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria

Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that predominantly affects impoverished rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The global efforts to reduce the impact of this disease must consider the local national contexts and, therefore, comparative studies on envenomings in different countries are necessary to identify strengths, weaknesses and needs. This work presents a comparative analysis of snakebite envenomings in Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, and Nigeria. The comparison included the following aspects: (a) burden of envenomings, (b) historical background of national efforts to confront envenomings, (c) national health systems, (d) antivenom availability and accessibility including local production, (e) training of physicians and nurses in the diagnosis and management of envenomings, (f) prevention campaigns and community-based work, (g) scientific and technological platforms in these topics, and (h) international cooperation programs. Strengths and weaknesses were identified in the three contexts and several urgent tasks to improve the management of this disease in these countries are highlighted. This comparative analysis could be of benefit for similar studies in other national and regional contexts.