The Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Role of miRNA in the Management of Tropical Diseases

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are the most common intricate vector-borne diseases that severely affect the health status of individuals across the globe. Most of these diseases have quite complex life cycles completing in more than one hosts, thus making their eradication a challenge. However, these diseases can be managed by improving hygienic conditions and other preventive strategies. One of the emerging preventive strategies is the evaluation of specific miRNAs produced by the parasite or the host organism in response to a particular infection. These miRNAs are involved in regulating and modulating numerous signaling pathways that may promote, inhibit, stabilize or destabilize the host–pathogen interactions. Moreover, these miRNAs can also play phenomenal role in the diagnosis, prognosis as well as in the treatment of these neglected tropical diseases. In this chapter, we have discussed about various NTDs such as buruli ulcer, chagas disease, chikungunya, dengue, dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, trypanosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, fascioliasis, and onchocerciasis. Among these, least is known about the miRNAs expressed in the host during dracunculiasis; consequently, the pathogen grows inside the host without being diagnosed or manifesting any specific symptoms. Moreover, miR-71, bantam, and miR-277, may be considered as suitable candidates for the diagnosis and prognosis of echinococcosis. Similarly, miR-193b and miR-338 are significant diagnostic markers in trypanosomiasis.