The human burden of soil-transmitted helminthiasis is highest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) than in other parts of the world. The major parasites that contribute to the global burden, Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm, schistosomes, and Strongyloides, and even less known ones such as Oesophagostomum bifurcum and Ternidens deminutus (a.k.a. “false hookworm”) all occur in SSA. In this chapter, the symptoms, and consequences of infection by these parasites including retarded growth, reduced work capacity, poor school performance, adverse cognitive development, and nutritional and reproductive health problems are described for each parasite. The most at-risk groups for the diseases they cause are also specified. Why then is SSA carrying the highest burden? The answer is the diseases’ association with ignorance or lack of awareness, poor personal and environmental hygiene, poverty, impoverished health services, and economic development. These factors are common to these helminths’ infections and also explain to a large degree the skewed high prevalence of the diseases in rural African communities. The parasites all share similar basics of the life cycle except for Strongyloides stercoralis which in addition is also capable of autoinfection (i.e., multiplication) in human and existing as free living and productive adults in the environment; attributes which make it difficult to control. Treatment and challenges with mass drug administration (MDA) with antihelminthics, the urgent need for more sensitive diagnostic tools than the existing ones for scenarios of low-intensity infections, and the likelihood of resistance developing with the MDA are highlighted. There are opportunities arising from recent technological advancements such as the availability of genome data of 22 helminth species to be exploited for novel drugs and vaccine design and of IT tools, remote sensing data, and global resource platforms for disease mapping, ecology and epidemiology studies, operational research, and implementation of control programs. What it entailed in conducting a successful and sustainable STH control in a hitherto deprived community in Ghana is presented as a case study.
BT - Neglected Tropical Diseases - Sub-Saharan Africa DO - 10.1007/978-3-031-53901-5_14 LA - ENG M3 - Book N2 -The human burden of soil-transmitted helminthiasis is highest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) than in other parts of the world. The major parasites that contribute to the global burden, Ascaris, Trichuris, hookworm, schistosomes, and Strongyloides, and even less known ones such as Oesophagostomum bifurcum and Ternidens deminutus (a.k.a. “false hookworm”) all occur in SSA. In this chapter, the symptoms, and consequences of infection by these parasites including retarded growth, reduced work capacity, poor school performance, adverse cognitive development, and nutritional and reproductive health problems are described for each parasite. The most at-risk groups for the diseases they cause are also specified. Why then is SSA carrying the highest burden? The answer is the diseases’ association with ignorance or lack of awareness, poor personal and environmental hygiene, poverty, impoverished health services, and economic development. These factors are common to these helminths’ infections and also explain to a large degree the skewed high prevalence of the diseases in rural African communities. The parasites all share similar basics of the life cycle except for Strongyloides stercoralis which in addition is also capable of autoinfection (i.e., multiplication) in human and existing as free living and productive adults in the environment; attributes which make it difficult to control. Treatment and challenges with mass drug administration (MDA) with antihelminthics, the urgent need for more sensitive diagnostic tools than the existing ones for scenarios of low-intensity infections, and the likelihood of resistance developing with the MDA are highlighted. There are opportunities arising from recent technological advancements such as the availability of genome data of 22 helminth species to be exploited for novel drugs and vaccine design and of IT tools, remote sensing data, and global resource platforms for disease mapping, ecology and epidemiology studies, operational research, and implementation of control programs. What it entailed in conducting a successful and sustainable STH control in a hitherto deprived community in Ghana is presented as a case study.
PB - Springer International Publishing PY - 2024 SN - 9783031539008/2194-8275, 2194-8283 SP - 377 EP - 414 T2 - Neglected Tropical Diseases - Sub-Saharan Africa TI - Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis ER -