02583nas a2200325   4500000000100000008004100001653000800042653004100050653002000091653002700111100001300138700001200151700001300163700001400176700001700190700001200207700001500219700001500234700001400249700001200263700001400275700001300289700001500302700002100317700001600338245011100354856009100465520168700556022001402243       2020                            d10aHIV10aFemale genital schistosomiasis (FGS)10aCervical cancer10aPrevention and control1 aEngels D1 aHotez P1 aDucker C1 aGyapong M1 aBustinduy AL1 aSecor W1 aHarrison W1 aTheobald S1 aThomson R1 aGamba V1 aMasong MC1 aLammie P1 aGovender K1 aSabina Mbabazi P1 aMalecela MN00aIntegration of prevention and control measures for female genital schistosomiasis, HIV and cervical cancer  uhttps://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4657396/1/BLT.20.252270-First%20Proof.pdf3 aFemale genital schistosomiasis as a result of chronic infection with Schistosoma haematobium (commonly known as bilharzia) continues to be largely ignored by national and global health policy-makers. International attention for large-scale action against the disease focuses on whether it is a risk factor for the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Yet female genital schistosomiasis itself is linked to pain, bleeding and sub- or infertility, leading to social stigma, and is a common issue for women in schistosomiasis-endemic areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease should therefore be recognized as another component of a comprehensive health and human rights agenda for women and girls in Africa, alongside acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cervical cancer. Each of these three diseases has a targeted and proven preventive intervention: antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV/AIDS; human papilloma virus vaccine for cervical cancer; and praziquantel treatment for female genital chistosomiasis. We discuss how female genital schistosomiasis control can be integrated with HIV/AIDS and cervical cancer care. Such a programme will be part of a broader framework of sexual and reproductive health and rights, women’s empowerment and social justice in Africa. Integrated approaches that join up multiple public health programmes have the potential to expand or create opportunities to reach more girls and women throughout their life course. We outline a pragmatic operational research agenda that has the potential to optimize joint implementation of a package of measures responding to the specific needs of girls and women.  a0042-9686