02477nas a2200325   4500000000100000008004100001653000900042653002500051653002000076653001200096653001500108653001700123653002900140100001600169700001100185700001300196700001100209700001600220700001200236700001500248700001100263700001100274700001500285700001500300245011000315856008600425300000900511520161700520022001402137       2018                            d10aWASH10aWater-borne diseases10aHealth outcomes10aHygiene10aSanitation10aurbanisation10aSub-Saharan Africa (SSA)1 aMackinnon E1 aAyah R1 aTaylor R1 aOwor M1 aSsempebwa J1 aOlago D1 aKubalako R1 aDia AT1 aGaye C1 aC Campos L1 aFottrell E00a21st century research in urban WASH and health in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and outcomes in transition.  uhttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09603123.2018.1550193?needAccess=true  a1-223 a<p>Tackling global inequalities in access to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) remains an urgent issue - 58% of annual diarrhoeal deaths are caused by inadequate WASH provision. A global context of increasing urbanisation, changing demographics and health transitions demands an understanding and impact of WASH on a broad set of health outcomes. We examine the literature, in terms of health outcomes, considering WASH access and interventions in urban sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2017. Our review of studies which evaluate the effectiveness of specific WASH interventions, reveals an emphasis of WASH research on acute communicable diseases, particularly diarrhoeal diseases. In contrast, chronic communicable and non-communicable health outcomes were notable gaps in the literature as well as a lack of focus on cross-cutting issues, such as ageing, well-being and gender equality. We recommend a broader focus of WASH research and interventions in urban Africa to better reflect the demographic and health transitions happening. Abbreviations: CBA: Controlled Before and After; GSD: Government Service Delivery; IWDSSD: International Drinking-Water, Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD); KAP: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices; IBD: Irritable Bowel Diseases; MDG: Millennium Development Goals; NTD: Neglected Tropical Diseases; PSSD: Private Sector Service Delivery; SDG: Sustainable Development Goals; SSA: Sub Saharan Africa; SODIS: Solar Disinfection System; STH: Soil Transmitted Helminths; RCT: Randomised Control Trial; WASH: Water Sanitation and Hygiene; WHO: World Health Organization.</p>
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