03083nas a2200193   4500000000100000008004100001260000800042100001100050700001400061700001500075700001100090700001600101245012200117856006600239300001200305490000700317520254000324022002502864       2025                            d  bBMJ1 aMuho A1 aBrugger C1 aSalzmann T1 aWyss K1 aSteinmann P00aSustainability of health system strengthening interventions implemented at primary healthcare level: a scoping review  uhttps://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/15/4/e095516.full.pdf  ae0955160 v153 a<p>Objectives: Considerable resources are invested in health system innovation and strengthening. This calls for efforts to ensure the sustainability of such interventions. We conducted a scoping review to identify factors influencing the sustainability of externally funded health system strengthening interventions targeting primary healthcare, the sustainability outcomes observed in such interventions and the methods used to measure sustainability.</p>

<p>Design: Scoping review following the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review guidelines.</p>

<p>Data sources: Web of Science, Ovid Medline and Embase databases were searched through 11 March 2024.</p>

<p>Eligibility criteria: Studies in English with no restriction on study type or country. Externally funded health system strengthening interventions targeting primary health systems and measuring sustainability.</p>

<p>Data extraction and synthesis: One reviewer screened all titles and abstracts, and two independent pairs of reviewers read full texts. Relevant study data were extracted from the articles and descriptively analysed.</p>

<p>Results;:From the 6439 titles retrieved, eight eligible studies were identified and included in the final analysis. Only four studies presented a sustainability definition. Institutionalisation and continued programme activities were described four times as sustainability outcomes, followed by capacity building twice and continued health impact and benefits once. Sustainability was assessed in five studies after intervention completion and in three studies during the implementation period. The sustainability factors were mostly related to processes (n=19), inner context (n=18), intervention characteristics (n=12) and outer context (n=11), with stakeholder engagement and partnership (n=6) as well as funding (n=3) being the most reported factors.</p>

<p>Conclusion: This review highlights the limited documentation on the sustainability of externally funded health system strengthening interventions. Sustainability was mainly assessed retrospectively. Influencing factors spanned over all categories of the integrated sustainability framework, with stakeholder engagement and funding playing key roles. Planning for sustainability assessments with clear definitions, methods and timeframes can enhance evidence on achieving lasting impacts of health system strengthening interventions.</p>

<p>Registration: Open Science Framework,https://osf.io/hazqp/?view_only=d53472afbba447e790049d81ca60aa29.</p>
  a2044-6055, 2044-6055