02320nas a2200325   4500000000100000008004100001260003700042653001800079653001900097653002800116653001300144653002400157653002000181653001300201653001300214653003100227653001500258100001700273700001400290700001200304700002400316700002000340700001500360700001600375245009000391856021800481300000900699520127200708022001401980       2025                            d  bCambridge University Press (CUP)10aLeishmaniasis10aChagas disease10aAfrican trypanosomiasis10aHormones10a Sex-bias infection10aImmune response10aGenetics10aBehavior10aNeglected tropical disease10aLeishmania1 aBattistoni O1 aHuston RH1 aVerma C1 aPacheco-Fernandez T1 aAbul-Khoudoud S1 aCampbell A1 aSatoskar AR00aUnderstanding Sex-biases in Kinetoplastid Infections: Leishmaniasis & Trypanosomiasis  uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E650E421806F0C274BC6B596114D3694/S1462399424000413a.pdf/understanding_sexbiases_in_kinetoplastid_infections_leishmaniasis_trypanosomiasis.pdf  a1-463 a<p>Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease (CD), and Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) are neglected tropical diseases in humans caused by intracellular parasites from the class Kinetoplastida. Leishmaniasis is one infectious disease that exhibits sex-bias not explained solely by behavioral or cultural differences. However, HAT and CD have less well documented and understood sex-related differences, either due to a lack of differences or insufficient research and reporting. This paper reviews the rate of disease and disease severity among male and females infected with CD, HAT, and leishmaniasis. We further review the specific immune response to each pathogen and potential sex-based mechanisms which could impact immune responses and disease outcomes. These mechanisms include sex hormone modulation of the immune response, sex-related genetic differences, and socio-cultural factors impacting risky behaviors in men and women. The mechanistic differences in immune response among sexes and pathogens provide important insights and identification of areas for further research. This information can aid in future development of inclusive, targeted, safe, and effective treatments and control measures for these neglected diseases and other infectious diseases.</p>
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