02003nas a2200265   4500000000100000008004100001260001200042653001600054653001600070653001800086653003200104653001900136653002000155100001300175700001200188700001300200700001100213700002200224245006400246856008300310300000900393490000600402520131500408022001401723       2023                            d  c07/202310aCoinfection10aComorbidity10aLeishmaniasis10aNeglected Tropical Diseases10apolyparasitism10aschistosomiasis1 aCamelo G1 aSilva J1 aGeiger S1 aMelo M1 aNegrão-Corrêa D00a Schistosoma and Leishmania: An Untold Story of Coinfection  uhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10458104/pdf/tropicalmed-08-00383.pdf  a1-140 v83 a<p>A remarkable characteristic of infectious diseases classified as Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) is the fact that they are mostly transmitted in tropical and subtropical regions with poor conditions of sanitation and low access to healthcare, which makes transmission areas more likely to overlap. Two of the most important NTDs, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis, despite being caused by very different etiological agents, have their pathogenesis heavily associated with immune-mediated mechanisms, and  spp. and  spp. have been shown to simultaneously infect humans. Still, the consequences of  coinfections remain underexplored. As the inflammatory processes elicited by each one of these parasites can influence the other, several changes have been observed due to this coinfection in naturally infected humans, experimental models, and in vitro cell assays, including modifications in susceptibility to infection, pathogenesis, prognostic, and response to treatment. Herein, we review the current knowledge in  coinfections in both human populations and experimental models, with special regard to how schistosomiasis affects tegumentary leishmaniasis, discuss future perspectives, and suggest a few steps to further improve our understanding in this model of parasite-host-parasite interaction.</p>  a2414-6366