02777nas a2200349   4500000000100000008004100001260001200042653002100054653001400075653001700089653001500106653003900121100001600160700001300176700001500189700001300204700001200217700001500229700001000244700001600254700001600270700001300286700001200299700001200311700001300323245010000336856006700436300000900503490000600512520189500518022001402413       2024                            d  bMDPI AG10aSchistosomiasis 10aBilharzia10aPraziquantel10aUrogenital10aNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs)1 aChatterji T1 aKhanna N1 aAlghamdi S1 aBhagat T1 aGupta N1 aAlkurbi MO1 aSen M1 aAlghamdi SM1 aBamagous GA1 aSahoo DK1 aPatel A1 aKumar P1 aYadav VK00aA Recent Advance in the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine Development for Human Schistosomiasis  uhttps://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/9/10/243/pdf?version=1729041391  a1-390 v93 a<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, which affects a large number of people worldwide, is among the most overlooked parasitic diseases. The disease is mainly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, southeast Asian countries, and South America due to the lack of adequate sanitation. The disease is mainly associated with poor hygiene, sanitation, and contaminated water, so it is also known as a disease of poverty. Three Schistosoma species (S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium) cause significant human infections. Co-infections with Schistosoma and other parasites are widely common. All these parasites may cause intestinal or urogenital schistosomiasis, where the disease may be categorized into the acute, sensitized, and chronic phases. The disease is more prevalent among school children, which may cause anemia and reduce development. Chronic infections frequently cause significant liver, intestinal, and bladder damage. Women exposed to contaminated water while performing normal duties like washing clothes might acquire urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS), which can cause tissue damage and raise the risk of blood-borne disease transmission, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the World Health Organization (WHO)-prescribed treatment for individuals who are known to be infected, but it does not prevent further re-infections with larval worms. Vaccine development and new molecular-based diagnosis techniques have promised to be a reliable approach to the diagnosis and prevention of schistosomiasis. The current review emphasizes the recent advancement in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis by molecular techniques and the treatment of schistosomiasis by combined and alternative regimes of drugs. Moreover, this review has also focused on the recent outbreak of schistosomiasis, the development of vaccines, and their clinical trials.</jats:p>  a2414-6366