03204nas a2200265   4500000000100000008004100001260004400042653002900086653003900115653001200154100001300166700001400179700001200193700001300205700001400218700001200232700001500244700001100259245015200270856007300422300000900495490000700504520241300511022001402924       2024                            d  bSpringer Science and Business Media LLC10aCommunity health workers10aNeglected tropical diseases (NTDs)10aLiberia1 aZawolo G1 aNyaaba GN1 aNallo G1 aKollie K1 aThomson R1 aRaven J1 aTheobald S1 aDean L00aTransition and change: opportunities and challenges of CHW programme reform for community health systems and vertical disease programmes in Liberia  uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12961-024-01211-w.pdf  a1-180 v223 a<p><strong>Background: </strong>Globally, community health worker (CHW) programmes are critical to addressing health worker shortages and have been recognized as critical pillars within the drive towards universal health coverage (UHC). In 2016, the Liberian Ministry of Health launched the National Community Health Services Policy 2016–2021, which included significant CHW programme reform to address ongoing health workforce capacity gaps in the country. However, little consideration was given to the impact of such reforms on ongoing health interventions that rely heavily on the use of CHW cadres. Our study explores how CHW programme reform in Liberia infuenced the performance of CHWs involved in the delivery of Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programmes to elucidate how health systems reform can impact the delivery of routine health interventions and vice versa.</p>

<p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a qualitative case study approach conducted between March 2017 and August 2018. Our instrumental case study approach uses qualitative methods, including a document review of five CHW and NTD program related policy documents; 25 key informant interviews with facility, county, and national level decision-makers; and 42 life and job histories with CHWs in Liberia. Data were analysed using a thematic framework approach, guided by Kok et al. framework of CHW performance. Data were coded in QRS NVIVO 11 Pro.</p>

<p><strong>Results: </strong>Our findings show that CHW programme reform provides opportunities and challenges for supporting enhanced CHW performance. In relation to health system hardware, we found that CHW programme reform provides better opportunities for formal recognition of CHWs; strengthening capacity for effective healthcare delivery at the community level through improved and formalised training; a more formal supervision structure; and provision of monthly incentives of 70 US dollars. Efficiency gaps in routine intervention delivery can be mitigated through the strengthening of these hardware components. Conversely, supervision deficits in routine CHW functioning can be supported through health interventions. In relation to systems software, we emphasize the ongoing importance of community engagement in CHW selection that is responsive to gendered power hierarchies and accompanied by gendered transformative approaches to improving literacy.</p>
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