03204nas a2200265   4500000000100000008004100001260003700042653002300079653001600102653000800118653001300126653001300139653002200152100001400174700001400188700001600202700001300218700001400231245013400245856009900379300000900478490000700487520243000494022001402924       2024                            d  bPublic Library of Science (PLoS)10aTreatment coverage10aElimination10aMDA10aStrategy10aCensuses10aPopulation Health1 aAdams NNK1 aAhorlu CS1 ade Souza DK1 aAikins M1 aHoerauf A00aModelling the cost of engage &amp; treat and test &amp; treat strategies towards the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana  uhttps://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012213&type=printable  a1-190 v183 a<p><strong>Background:</strong> Despite several years of LF-MDA implementation, Ghana still has some districts with mf prevalence &gt;1%, partly due to poor treatment coverage levels resulting from non-participation in MDA. To address the challenges, we implemented Engage &amp; Treat (E&amp;T) and Test &amp; Treat (T&amp;T) strategies for individuals who miss or refuse MDA respectively, in a hotspot district, enabling us to reach many of those who seldom, or never, take part in MDA. This financial cost study was undertaken to analyse data on the LF-MDA, E&amp;T and T&amp;T implementation in 2021 and the financial cost to inform the rollout of the E&amp;T and T&amp;T as mop-up strategies in future LF-MDAs.</p>

<p><strong>Methods: </strong>This costing study analysed cost data from the 2021 LF-MDA implementation activities carried out by the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) programme of the Ghana Health Service and the SENTINEL study, carried out in Ahanta West district for the two interventions (i.e., E&amp;T and T&amp;T). The 2021 Ghana Population and Housing Census data was used to estimate the LF-MDA-eligible population. The financial cost per person treated was estimated and these costs were applied to the projected population to obtain the financial cost for subsequent years.</p>

<p><strong>Results:</strong> Implementing MDA mop-up strategies either through the E&amp;T or T&amp;T to improve coverage comes at an additional cost to the elimination goals. For example, in 2024 the projected cost per person treated by the routine LF-MDA is estimated at US$0.83. The cost using the integrated LF-MDA and the E&amp;T, T&amp;T led by the NTD programme or T&amp;T integrated into the health system was estimated at US$1.62, US$2.88, and US$2.33, respectively, for the same year. Despite the increased cost, the proposed combined LF-MDA and mop-up strategies will have a higher estimated population treated for 2024 (i.e., 1,392,211) compared to the routine LF-MDA approach (i.e., 988,470) for the same year.</p>

<p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combining LF-MDA with E&amp;T/T&amp;T mop-up strategies, despite their high costs, may provide NTD Programmes with the options of improving treatment coverage and reaching the LF elimination target sooner, given that the routine LF-MDA alone approach has been implemented for many years with some districts yet to reach the elimination targets.</p>
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