@article{102006,
  author = {Matute DR and Teixeira MDM},
  editor = {Jabra-Rizk MA},
  title = {Sporothrix is neglected among the neglected},
  abstract = {<p>Fungal diseases are a growing threat to human health. The last 50 years have seen an increase in the prevalence of fungal infections [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref001">1</a>,<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref002">2</a>]. Annually, close to 1 billion people are affected by mycoses [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref001">1</a>,<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref003">3</a>]. Close to 7 million of these infections are life-threatening, and approximately 2 million of them are fatal [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref003">3</a>]. One of the fungal diseases that has increased in importance in the last 50 years is sporotrichosis, a mycosis that is caused by members of the genus&nbsp;<em>Sporothrix</em>, and that usually manifests as a subcutaneous granulomatous disease [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref004">4</a>–<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref009">9</a>]. Transmission typically occurs transcutaneously after contact with contaminated materials, often during farming or gardening, which can introduce the fungus through skin punctures [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref006">6</a>]. The clinical presentation of sporotrichosis varies based on the type of infection and the immune status of the host. The most common forms of sporotrichosis are fixed cutaneous and lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. In fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis, characterized by initial lesions that resemble small nodules, which may ulcerate over time (sporotrichotic chancres). These lesions are typically painless and remain around the puncture site (fixed). If the lesions spread, they can lead to cutaneous lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis, in which the infection spreads along the lymphatic vessels, resulting in additional nodules and systemic symptoms, or might even develop into disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis. Extracutaneous forms of sporotrichosis also exist, but they are less common. Ocular sporotrichosis mostly often affects the ocular adnexa, but in some rare instances can also infect intraocular tissues (reviewed in [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref010">10</a>]). Pulmonary infection, caused by inhalation of conidia from the air, can be localized or multifocal and is relatively uncommon (~1,000 cases), although these numbers might be artificially low due to underreporting [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref011">11</a>]. Finally, osteoarticular infection usually manifests with tenosynovitis, joint effusion, bursitis, and synovial cyst formation [<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898#ppat.1012898.ref012">12</a>].</p>
},
  year = {2025},
  journal = {PLOS Pathogens},
  volume = {21},
  pages = {e1012898},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science (PLoS)},
  issn = {1553-7374},
  url = {https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898&type=printable},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1012898},
  language = {eng},
}